Foundations and Earthworks Problems

Foundations and Earthworks Problems a) There are four types of foundation loads as follow: Firstly, live loads. Live loads is produced by the users of a home. Example, people, furniture, storage items. The affects of the load is exert force on almost all of a house’s. To design floor systems that limit deflection vibration. Secondly, dead load. That means, forces incurred due to the weight of all the materials used in construction of a home. For examples, roof, ceiling, floor, wall partition. The affects of the this load is a constant over the life of the structure. Big impacts on the long-term deflection/creep of framing members. Thirdly, wind load. Positives or negatives pressures exerted on a house when it obstructs the flow of moving air. The affects of wind load is depends on : location, height, and roof pitch. Fourthly, seismic load. Seismic load that means the inertial forces acting on a house due to earthquake-induced ground motions. The affects of seismic load all components of a frame and shear-resis ting elements are most affected. b) The two types of foundation are as follows: i) Pad foundation Pad foundation is normally used as foundation to building or residential building not exceeding four storeys on stiff soil such as gravel. Most of the said buildings are framed structure. The pad foundation is built if the load supported by the column is small. A pad foundation is the base of a column. The size of pad foundation depends on the size of load to be carried and load bearing capacity of the soil. The pad foundation is not suitable for large and high-rise building because it needs to carry high load, which is not practical and uneconomical. Pad foundation ii) Raft foundation Raft foundation are used to spread the load of the superstructure over a large base to reduce the load per unit one being imposed on ground and this is particularly useful where low bearing capacity soil are encountered and where individual column load are heavy. This types of slab is known as the foundation. Raft foundation can be constructed as follows: a) solid slab raft foundation Solid slab raft foundation is constructed at the entire base of the planned building. The thickness of slab depends on applied load and strength of soil at the site. b) beam and slab raft foundation Beam and slab raft foundation is required when thickness of the designed solid slab raft foundation exceeds 300 mm. The reinforced concrete slab is constructed on the ground whereas the beams are constructed on the slab at specific locations. c) cellular in raft foundation Cellular raft foundation is establishment is built on detached soil and on soil that operation to settle uncalled for case in point unmoving mining site. In such condition, the thickness of the constructed slab may exceed 1 meter, therefore the construction of cellular raft foundation is preferable. Task 2 a) The effect of water and chemicals in the soils are there is either too much water, causing the soil to swell, or not enough, or not enough, causing the soil to shrink. If all soil beneath a foundation swells uniformly or shrinks uniformly it is unlikely to cause cracks and other damage. Most differential movement is caused by differences in soil moisture. After construction, soil moisture. After construction, soil beneath part of foundation becomes wetter or drier than the rest of the soil. The chemical can seep is contaminated with toxic materials. These toxic materials can seep into ground and eventually contaminated the water. Therefore, it is important to conserve the ground water resource so that surfaces it can be used as an alternative resource in the event that surface water is contaminated or dried during dry seasons. The treatment can be done to avoid foundation failure is the treatment process depends on properties of raw water and this properties of water can be divide d into three categories; physical, chemical and biological properties. The properties of raw water depend on impurities in it. Impurities in water can be categorized into macro and micro impurities. Macro impurities are debris such as garbage, twigs, leaves and others. Micro impurities are very fine and cannot be seen by eyes. b) The effect of subsoil movement there are different constrains that cause the development of soil and rock. Furthermore that, gravity is a significant drives that draw rock parts down inclines in occasions called mass developments. Likewise, mass developments fluctuate in their rate, force, and section size. Besides, when mass developments happens quickly, they have a tendency to be the most ruinous and emotional. In this manner, rock falls happen when rock parts tumble from soak precipices. This is the speediest kind of mass developments. Along these lines, the pieces may be as small as stones or as enormous as titan rocks. Avalanches happen when a lot of detached rock joined with soil fall abruptly down an incline. Finally, The steepness of the slant may influences the sum and the span of the rock material in the avalanches. Bigger avalanches have a tendency to happen on steeper inclines and include bigger squares of bedrock. Task 3 a) The importance of underpinning work are to transfer the load carried by an existing foundation from its presents bearing level to a new level at a lower depth. Beside that, to replace an existing weak foundation. In construction, underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other structure. The reason for underpinning are as follows: the original foundation is simply not strong or stable enough. The usage of the structure has changed. The properties of soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or were mischaracterized during design. The construction of nearby structures necessitates the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations. It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the present structure’s foundation than to build a new one. b) The precaution steps before underpinning works are as follow before impleting suitable underpinning measures the accompanying vital focuses ought to be precisely went to : Firstly, the existing structure ought to be completely inspected painstakingly and proper underpinning strategy ought to be embraced. Besides, all poor stone work, for example, joints, breaks, putting ought to be amended in the recent past. Thirdly, fundamental shoring and struting ought to be carried out such that current structure is sheltered. Forward, Urgent repair like grouting of splits, insertion of pole between dividers. Other than, ought to be completed before beginning underpinning. Fifth, satisfactory consideration ought to be taken to guarantee that there ought to be no development of structure for which levels ought to be stamped. Sixth, underpinning procedure is not a science yet a symbolization ought to be practiced relying upon the circumstances. Underpinning works Task 4 a) i) Trench excavation Trench excavation in development industry is something that specialists ought to be prepared on keeping in mind the end goal to avoid disaster. So as to work securely in the region of trenches or unearthings managements and workers need to character perils connected with trenching and unearthing work, evaluate hazard and dispose of or minimize those danger in the recent past, throughout and after the execution of work. Trenches and unearthings  greatest danger is the likelihood of breakdown because of precariousness. Before starting work in a trench, unearthing or limited space on a development site laborers ought to perform an audit to figure out if it is completely important to work in the trench/exhuming, bound space. Trench excavation ii) Basement excavation A basement excavation is a development burrow performed for the mean of unpredictable out a cellar. There are a few settings in which storm cellar uncovering may be performed. This procedure is usually supervised by an experienced contractor or a basement excavation company, because it can be complicated in addition to labor intensive. While it is possible to excavate by hand, there are some serious risks which must be carefully evaluated before taking the plunge. Besides that, the best time to do a basement excavation is when a home site is being prepared. In this case, the site is already being excavated in preparation for laying the foundations. Therefore, if people want a basement, the depth of the excavation can be deepened to rough out the basement so that the basement and foundations can be form at the same time. Thus, this can be a way to add room to a structure without adding height, and some people leave the basement unfinished to cut costs while protect that they will have that space accessible at a later time if they need it. This basement was built to the same footprint as the house above, which in turn was the footprint of the pair of semis that had been there before, plus a room at the back. The planning permission limited the basement to a railway carriage-shape down the middle so the client said he would block off what he didnt have permission for to put it out of use. (No talking in the ranks, the cynical amongst you should believe that he did so). The area at this endwas for a stairwell. The area at the far end for a window well.

Figurative Language Essay

Figurative language is used in poems, songs, books, short stories, and in everyday language. The use of similes and hyperboles are able to affect the tone, meaning and theme that better explain the meaning in stories and songs. Figurative language is meant to appeal to the senses in order to provide interest and evoke emotion in what is being read or heard. Alicia Keys, â€Å"This Girl Is On Fire†, is a great example of figurative language. The figurative language in this song provides a respectful and jovial tone, and it also demonstrates the theme of the capability of potential and societies urge to undermine the success of others. The first verse of the song sets the tone of respect and the theme of potential. The first lines of the song use multiple metaphors that read â€Å"She’s just a girl, and she’s on fire. Hotter than a fantasy, longer like a highway. She’s living in a world, and it’s on fire,† which demonstrate how this girl is just an ordinary girl but she has been able to accomplish great things in this competitive world that we live in. The following verse also demonstrates how the ordinary girl has â€Å"stood her ground† in the competitive world. The verse contains an idiom that reads â€Å"Oh, she got both feet on the ground†¦Oh, she got her head in the clouds and she’s not backing down,† which states that the ordinary girl has ideas that may seem unrealistic but she will strive to make these ideas come to life and not just be a daydream. Throughout the song â€Å"This girl is on fire† is repeated, hence it is the chorus. When th e chorus is on, the audience just awaits that powerful note, because throughout the song Alicia Keys puts the most emphasis on these five words. The repetition of that line demonstrates the strength and potential this ordinary girl has. Also the repetition and vibrato behind the chorus, makes the metaphor that much more powerful and believable to the audience; it is able to evoke a sense of hope in the audience for this ordinary girl. The fourth verse of the songs reads â€Å"Looks like a girl, but she’s a flame. So bright, she can burn your eyes. Better look the other way,† which makes a great example of the power this girl has. The combination of a simile and metaphor in the first line portrays that the girl is no ordinary girl. When people look at her, they probably just see an ordinary girl walking the street that might not be doing anything great with her life. But the  metaphor â€Å"she’s a flame† contradicts that completely. Metaphors make stronger comparisons between two things than a simile does. Since the metaphor contradicts the simile, then the metaphor overpowers the simile stating that the girl is not an ordinary girl. The next two lines of the verse put more emphasis on the girl being a flame. The metaphor is a representation of how great the girl is. The fire and flame representing this girl is something uncommon in the competitive world we live in,because as a whole people want to be more successful than others. Therefore her flame â€Å"burns people’s eyes† because they are not prepared for potential within her. The potential behind her is so powerful that people are not able to handle her strength so they â€Å"better look the other way,† or they will get burned by her passion to succeed in life. It is also be another example of how people try to undermine other’s success, but no one will be able to bring down her hope for greatness. The next lines of the verse are a combination of hyperboles and metaphors. â€Å"You can try but you’ll never forget her name. She’s on top of the world. Hottest of the hottest girls say,† these lines demonstrate that she already has achieved some of her goals. The first line is a hyperbole that is also related to the example stated above about how people try to undermine the success of others, but she will not let people take away her success. Therefore even though people might try forget her and the goals she has accomplished, she will not let it happen. Also since â€Å"she is a fire† her success is so great that it would be hard to forget. The metaphor and idiom â€Å"she’s on top of the world† also demonstrates the success that she has achieved. The idiom means that she has reached her goal and succeeded which makes it harder for people to forget her. This is clear because if â€Å"she is on top of the world† then she has made a n ame for herself that has impacted the world and her life immensely. Therefore she will not just be an ordinary girl anymore, and now she will not be overlooked or forgotten. The next verse reads â€Å"Everybody stands, as she goes by. Cause they can see the flame that’s in her eyes. Watch her when she’s lighting up the night,† which is able to demonstrate how people do not view her as an ordinary girl anymore. When people see her they stop to take notice of the greatness that  she has become. The metaphor of â€Å"the flame in her eyes† demonstrates how she is not done trying to achieve her goals.This girl has far more potential left in her and will accomplish them. The next metaphor demonstrates that people now see the hope and potential she has within her. When she reaches the rest of her potential, she will â€Å"night up the light†. The idiom means that the feeling she will feel when she has reached her full potential will be strong enough that people will see how her attitude changes to bright and cheery, and her bright attitude will be able to brighten up the night. The idiom just restates the strength and poten tial this not so ordinary girl has. The figurative language is full of praise for this not so ordinary girl. The explanation of how great and powerful this girl is demonstrates the respect the girl deserves. She was able to reach her goals even though people might not have believed in her. Therefore the tone is evident throughout the whole song, and so are the themes. This girl has reached her full potential and people are now taking notice, so now she will be respected and not forgotten. The figurative language in this song was well combined and well orchestrated to show the theme and tone simultaneously.

Moving and Handling

Arega Arutiunian NVQ level 2 – Moving and Handling . How to Transfer a Weak Patient from Bed to Chair/Wheelchair . Lying in bed for a long period of time is generally depressing and boring for most patients. Being transferred on a chair enables the patient to execute some slight movements that is beneficial in improving circulation. As for being transferred on a wheelchair, it serves as a way to transport a weak patient on hospital areas , to the bathroom or in the lounge room . First i must inform the patient about the procedure. If the patient wants to be transferred on a chair, i will explain the details .And if there is a need for him to be transferred on a wheelchair, i need to explain the purpose and destination of the transfer. Using a nice tone of voice and right body language. Informing the patient will facilitate cooperation and will make him feel that he is being respected rather than being controlled. Position the chair or wheelchair next to the bed facing the foot of the bed. I need to bring the chair as close as possible to reduce the distance of the transfer. If a wheelchair is used, i will make sure to lock its brake and fold the foot rests, as soon as my position it near the bed.I need to adjust the height of the bed in its lowest position-this way it will be easy for the patient to step down on the floor, thus, decreasing the risk of injury from falling. I will lock the brake of the bed and then assist the patient in doing side lying position, facing the direction of the transfer. I need to lace one arm under the shoulder of the patient and the other arm supporting the patients’ thigh on the opposite side. Count to three and then carefully swing the legs of the patient over the side of the bed and assist him in lifting his trunk and shoulders until he is in sitting position.If patient is strong enough to do some movements, i can allow the patient to participate on the manoeuvre. I will ask patient to use the leg on the outer side of the bed to scoop the leg on the other side. Than carefully swing both his legs on the side of the bed and then assist him in lifting his trunk and shoulders until he is in sitting position. Place my arms around the torso of the patient for support. Put one arm of the patient over my shoulder -while his other arm is extended on the bed, to help support the position.Instruct the patient to scoot over the edge of the bed until feet is flat on the floor. Widen the distance of my feet, with right foot forward, and the left foot back for an easy shift of my weight as i lift the patient. Maintain the position above, with my arms still supporting the torso of the patient. One arm of the patient should still be on my shoulder and his other arm should still be extended on the bed (palm flat on bed). Slightly bend my knees and lean my body. Then i will instruct the patient to get ready for a push from one arm that’s extended on the bed, as i lift him up to standing position.Count to three as i assist the patient to standing position and he is pushing off from at the same time. Need to raise patient to standing position and keep my back straight. Pivot the patient so that his back is positioned in front of the chair or wheelchair- i need to instruct him to grasp on the armrest for additional support, and then slowly assist the patient as he lowers himself on the seat of the chair. Help the patient in positioning himself properly when seated. I need to make sure that his buttocks are entirely rested on the seat and his back firmly resting on the back support.When in a wheelchair, i should place his arms on the armrests and his feet on the footrests. How to Use a Hoyer Lift to Transfer a Patient A Hoyer Lift is a lifting device or hydraulic lift that is commonly used in nursing homes and other medical facilities to help transfer patients from beds to wheelchairs and back again. Special care and attention needs to be used when transferring any patient using a Hoye r Lift, as injuries and even death may result from improper techniques or use of the lift. Position the sling that comes with the Hoyer Lift beneath the patient to be transferred.In some cases, caregivers will be required to carefully roll the patient from side to side in order to position the sling properly. I need to make sure that the sling is evenly distributed, without wrinkles and is correctly positioned, the seam side of the sling away from the skin of the patient. Need to move the Hoyer Lift so that the extended legs slide under the bed. The legs of the Hoyer Lift are able to open and close to facilitate wheelchairs. I should slide the Hoyer legs under the bed until the swivel bar hook of the lift is directly over the patient's abdomen. Attach the einforced â€Å"O† rings in the sling straps that have been placed around the patient's legs first, connecting to the â€Å"S† hooks of the Hoyer Lift first. Need to make sure that the leg straps (if two are present) are positioned to prevent the patient from slipping out of the sling. Should point the tips of the â€Å"S† hooks away from the patient's face for extra safety. Need to attach the shortest web strap through the hole for the back and head support part of the sling, which will help make sure the patient will have neck and head support when lifted. Then, i must attach the web   straps to the swivel bar.Press the button that will engage the lift and slowly lift the patient, maintaining control of both the sling and the lift. The Hoyer Lift should always be used with two people. One person should be helping control movement of the patient while the other operates the lifting mechanism and opens the legs of the lift for optimal stability. One person should always maintain control of the patient in the sling while the second person operates the lift. Once the patient is centred over a wheelchair or bed, lower the lift and then reverse the process used to place the sling .

Essay on New England Vs. Chesapeake DBQ - 1306 Words

New England vs. Chesapeake While both the people of the New England region and of the Chesapeake region descended from the same English origin, by 1700 both regions had traveled in two diverse directions. Since both of these groups were beset with issues that were unique to their regions and due to their exposure to different circumstances, each was forced to rethink and reconstruct their societies. As a result, the differences in the motivation, geography, and government in the New England and Chesapeake regions caused great divergence in the development of each. As the regions began to expand and develop, their motivations for settlement helped to mold their societies. New England was a place where men sought refuge from religious†¦show more content†¦Colonists came primarily to the Chesapeake region to increase their wealth. The vast variety of immigrants to the Chesapeake region was young men seeking economic opportunity (Doc C). The differences in the New England and Chesapeake’s primary motivations for settlement led to the divergent societies. While both colonies were settled in Eastern America, the regional geography had a hand in influencing this expansion. New England was known for its harsh climate, forcing its inhabitants to endure brutal winters, and miserably hot summers. Because many European immigrants sought arable land, the unyielding soil of New England impeded the immigrants agriculturally and forced them to depend on livestock. They criticized the Indians for â€Å"wasting† the land-not using what little arable land they had to its full potential. As a result, the New Englanders used up as much land as they could to make sure â€Å"[t]hat everyone shall have a share of the meadow or planting ground†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc D). They felt it was their duty to clear woodlands and establish a settlement. Additionally, they turned to the coastline and built harbors to fish rather than farm, unlike their Southern counterparts. Geography had a different impact on the people of the Chesapeake region. The people of Chesapeake capitalized on their good soil, and, unlike the New Englanders, they grew tobacco. Tobacco proved very profitable andShow MoreRelated1993 Dbq New England vs. Chesapeake1314 Words   |  6 PagesNew England vs. Chesapeake While both the people of the New England region and of the Chesapeake region descended from the same English origin, by 1700 both regions had traveled in two diverse directions. Since both of these groups were beset with issues that were unique to their regions and due to their exposure to different circumstances, each was forced to rethink and reconstruct their societies. As a result, the differences in the motivation, geography, and government in the New England andRead MoreNew England Settlers vs. the Chesapeake Settlers Dbq810 Words   |  4 Pages to the land mistakenly named the Indies. English migration to the Chesapeake region spread over nearly a century, whereas voyagers to New England arrived within a single decade. One would think that since the English settled both of these regions, both of their societies would develop quite similarly, but one could not be more wrong. The variations of the societies that developed in the Chesapeake region and the New England region occurred because the settlers had different motivations pertainingRead MoreEvaluate the Differences Between the New England Colonies and the Chesapeake Colonies.730 Words   |  3 PagesMr. Scanlan 1st Period 6 September, 2010 DBQ #1 Although both the New England Colonies (Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire), and the Chesapeake Colonies (Virginia and Maryland) were both settled by people of English origin, by 1700 they were both very distinct for a multitude of reasons; Three of which being, their economics, African Slave population, and their life expectancies. The New England colonies vs. the Chesapeake colonies had many differences in there economical